Southern yellow pine span chart. V I S U A L L Y G R A D E D 1 L U M B E R T abl e3 R ft rs–M e dium r of ng:Dy w alc ;S 20, 30, or 40 psf live load; 15 psf dead load; /240 deflection limit Load duration factor

U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers. Select the application below you are looking to calculate. Calculators are for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup.

Southern yellow pine span chart. Southern Pine lumber sizes for No.1, No.2 and No.3 grades are shown in regular ... glued laminated timber, but only simple-span Southern Pine lumber beams. • Deflection is limited to /180 for total load and /240 for live load. ... Table 15 - 30 psf Ground Snow Load **, 10 psf Dead Load, 1.15 Load Duration Factor

NOTE: The span graphics schedule hierher will based up design values for visually graded Southbound Pine dimension woods ensure became effective June 1, 2013. Click klicken for background information regarding engineering value. Joists & Rafters Simplified maximum span tables to selected visual and immortals

There are ten species of pines that are considered southern yellow pines, including the four most common species, loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf, and slash. These four species make up 90% of the southern pine timber inventory. Southern Yellow Pine Wood Uses. Southern yellow pine wood is one of the principal sources of softwood products in the ...Southern yellow pine Picnic Tables · Pressure treated wood planking with steel frame · 2-3/8-In all MIG welded frame · All zinc plated hardware.

The species of wood, its grade, number of knots and their location, condition, and span also affect the bearing strength. Southern Pine and Douglas Fir are common in the construction industry and stronger than most other softwoods. Number 1 and 2 grade 4x4s are used for construction and load-bearing, while #3 isn’t meant to carry as much.How to Design Footing for a Deck. Note: Areas of known poor soils require soils corrections and/or deck footings must be designed by a licensed professional engineer prior to the issuance of the permit. Please call the Blaine Building Department for soil information in your development at 763-785-6170 as the first step in planning a deck or porch.2018 NDS Supplement. Design provisions in the NDS are integral with design values in the NDS Supplement. As such, it is not appropriate to mix design values and provisions from different editions of the NDS. The NDS Supplement contains design values for sawn lumber, structural glued laminated timber, and round timber poles and piles.of Visually Graded Southern Pine Dimension Lumber Maximum spans in feet-inches. Maximum Spans. 1. for Southern Pine . Effective June 1, 2013 . Table 1 Floor Joists – 30 psf live load, 10 psf dead load, 360 deflection . Size S. Spacing In. o.c. Dense elect Structural Select Structural NonDense Structural No.1 Dense No.1 NonDense No.2 Dense ...SmartLVL 12 Framing VIC 2019 Edition 1. 1.24 MB. Download. SmartLVL 12 Framing 2019 Edition 1. 1.31 MB. Download. SmartLVL13 Design Guide 2021 Edition 1. 6.84 MB. Download.The Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF) is an innovative building system that saves builders time and creates comfortable living areas that enhance a home’s value. A PWF system consists of load-bearing wall systems framed with pressure-treated lumber and sheathed with pressure-treated plywood. PWFs are suitable for crawlspace, split-entry or full ... • The design span is assumed to be the clear opening plus 1/2 the required bearing length at each end. Floor Live Load = 30 psf ... = 1 @ 12' and 1 @ 14' Clear Opening = 12' (See Requirements for Use on page 23, and Key, Example and Notes on this page) Table 21 - No. 1 Southern Pine Lumber Clear Opening 1-ply 2-ply 3-ply 4-plySouthern yellow pine lumber was chosen for its strength and appearance from the finest mills that meet stringent, sustainable forestry guidelines. It is easy to work with and preferred for interior construction uses due to its structural properties and fiber density. It provides superior fastener-holding power and load-bearing capacity.

table 7 - southern pine glued laminated beam section properties and capacities. table 8 - allowable loads for simple span southern pine glulam roof beams (plf)-non-snow loads. table 9 - allowable loads for simple span southern pine glulam roof beams (plf)-snow loads.But the 2015 IRC included a new one (Table R507.5) that will make it easy for deck builders to spec a joist size for a given span and joist spacing. The table includes spans for common lumber species used for deck framing like southern pine, Douglas fir, hem-fir, redwood, western cedar and other species. The table accounts for wet service ... As we reported earlier, the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) has resubmitted recommended design value changes to all sizes of Southern Yellow Pine (SYP) to the American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) Board of Review.The U.S. Forest Products Lab (FPL) verified SPIB's design values, and the ALSC is now scheduled to hold a hearing on those recommendations on January 30, 2013.

Southern Yellow Pine Facts. Southern yellow pine is a blanket term used to describe pine species whose major range is south of the Mason-Dixon line and east of the Great Plains in the United States. There are ten species of pines that are considered southern yellow pines, including the four most common species, loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf ...

Two species used for structural lumber include Douglas fir and southern yellow pine. Advertisement ... At 16 inch spacing, 15 feet 2 inches and 13 feet 3 inches at 24 inch spacing. Use a joist span table such as those found in the Resources section to determine the maximum 2-by-10 joist spans for other species and lumber grades.

The species of wood, its grade, number of knots and their location, condition, and span also affect the bearing strength. Southern Pine and Douglas Fir are common in the construction industry and stronger than most other softwoods. Number 1 and 2 grade 4x4s are used for construction and load-bearing, while #3 isn’t meant to carry as much.U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers. Select the application below you are looking to calculate. Calculators are for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup.Wetter wood will be heavier than drier wood. Below are some typical moisture contents of lumber. Enter the moisture content in the calculator and hit “enter”. Untreated. Fresh from store ~15%. Wet ~30%. Very dry ~5%. Average equilibrium for interior wood in US ~8%. Treated, fresh from store ~35-75%.2x10s). For the Size Selection Tables, Southern Pine glued laminated timber sizes are only provided in the header tables (Tables 1-12) when (3) 2x12s no longer meet design parameters, and in the beam tables (Tables 13-20) when (4) 2x12s no longer meet design parameters. General Requirements These tables only apply to Southern Pine lumber and

Simplified maximum span tables for selected visual and mechanical grades of Southern Pine lumber in sizes 2×4 thru 2×12. Listed are 46 tables based on common loading conditions for floor joists, ceiling joists and rafters. View Joist & Rafter Tables Headers & BeamsThe table below identifies the types and their use based on the level of retention of preservatives. ... It can be used to span greater distances, an SPF SS 2×8 will reach 15’-3”. Its appearance ranking is 80% or better clear of defects. ... Southern yellow pine in the eastern U.S., spruce pine and fir in the northern U.S. and eastern-central Canada, and …Southern yellow pine lumber was chosen for its strength and appearance from the finest mills that meet stringent, sustainable forestry guidelines. It is easy to work with and preferred for interior construction …Attic without storage: Use Table R802.4 (1) Ceiling Joist Spacing: 12 inches. Species and Grade: Hem-fir #2. Lumber Size used: 2×8. Now lets find the maximum allowable span for a 2×8 member given the above scenario: Therefore given the above example, the maximum allowable span for a 2×8 member is 26′-0″.span, configuration and load conditions. The shapes and spans shown here represent only a fraction of the millions of designs processed by Alpine engineers. Total load(PSF) Duration factor Live load(PSF) Roof type 55 1.15 40 snow shingle 55 1.15 30 snow tile 47 1.15 30 snow shingle 40 1.15 20 snow shingle 40 1.25 20 ** shingle **construction or ...Wind Classification 1 & N2. 1) Refer to general notes for information that is relevant for all span tables. 2) * denotes 600 mm rafter spacing only. Member span is not suitable for rafter spacing greater than 600mm. 3) For design parameters, refer to figure 6.22, AS1684.2 and 3.Table 2 (continued) Mechanically Graded Lumber -4˝and less in thickness, 2˝ and wider ... Design values for Southern Pine lumber are published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) after approval by the Board of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC). TheHow far can you span a 2×8 floor joist:- as per general rules and guideline, southern yellow pine, 2×8 (2-by-8) floor joists graded as #1 allows joist spans up to 16 feet 6 inches for a live load of 30 pounds per square foot when spaced 12 inches apart, 15 feet 0 inch for 16 inch spacing and 13 feet 1 inches for 24 inch spacing. You Can Follow me on …PDF downloads of Southern Pine design value tables are available. Table 1 provides the design values for visually graded Southern Pine dimension lumber that became effective June 1, 2013. Download a PDF, Tables 1 and 2. Download a PDF, Tables 3 and 4. Table 1: Visually Graded Dimension Lumber 2″ to 4″ thick, 2″ and wider; Table 2 ... How thick is a 2, 3 & 4 ply LVL beam. What size floor joist to span 24 feet. As per general rules and guideline, a 2×12 (2-by-12) size of floor joists made of southern yellow pine, graded as #1 can allows joist spans up to 24 feet for a live load of 30 pounds per square foot and dead load of 10 pounds per square foot when spaced 16 inches apart.SPAN TABLES FOR JOISTS AND RAFTERS 3 AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Table 9.1 Required compression perpendicular to grain design values (F c⊥) in pounds per square inch for simple span joists and rafters with uniform load. Bearing Length, in. Span, ft 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 2 30 22181513 4 59 44363025 6 89 67534438 8 119 89 71 59 51 10 148 ... SPAN TABLES FOR JOISTS AND RAFTERS 3 AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Table 9.1 Required compression perpendicular to grain design values (F c⊥⊥⊥) in pounds per square inch for simple span joists and rafters with uniform load. Bearing Length, in. Span, ft 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 2 30 22181513 4 59 44363025 6 89 67534438 8 119 89 71 59 51Simplified maximum span tables for selected visuals and mechanical grades of Southern Pine lumber in sizes 2×4 thru 2×12. Listed are 46 tables based on common how conditions for floor joists, ceiling joists and rafters. Tables listing Best Spans for Southern Pine joists and rafters are detailed below.Joist & Rafters. Simplified maximum spans tables for selected optical the mechanical grades of Southern Jaw lumber in sizes 2×4 thru 2×12. Registered are 46 tables basing on common loading conditions for floor joists, ceiling joists and rafter. Table listing Upper Spans by Southeast Pine joists additionally rafters are detailed below.For more than 300 years, Southern Pine headers and beams have framed millions of windows and doors, and supported just as many floor joist systems. This one-of-a-kind publication provides an easy method for selecting the proper Southern Pine header or beam for its intended application. This brochure provides Size Selection and Allowable THE CANADIAN WOOD COUNCIL (CWC) DECK SPAN TABLES - 2016. Finally in the Spring of 2016, the CWC published deck span tables and put them on the web for free in the form of a PDF. In 2019 they published Revision 1. This update includes a design example at the end of the document. Click here to download the Prescriptive Residential Exterior Wood ...Southern Pine lumber sizes for No.1, No.2 and No.3 grades are shown in regular ... glued laminated timber, but only simple-span Southern Pine lumber beams. • Deflection is limited to /180 for total load and /240 for live load. ... Table 15 - 30 psf Ground Snow Load **, 10 psf Dead Load, 1.15 Load Duration FactorThen drop down to find the appropriate Fb value for the span. As the table shows, no 2×8’s meet the span and spacing requirements, but a 2×10 with an E of 1,300,000 psi and Fb of 1093 psi can span 15 feet 3 inches – more than enough. A 2×12 with an E of 800,000 psi and Fb of 790 psi also works, since it can span 15 feet and 10 inches ...

Simplified maximum span tables for selected visual and mechanical grades of Southern Pine lumber in sizes 2×4 thru 2×12. Listed are 46 tables based on common loading conditions for floor joists, ceiling joists and rafters. View Joist & Rafter Tables Headers & BeamsThe use or location affects how far a 2×8 will span. The span differs when used as a beam, floor joist, ceiling joist, or rafter. A #1 Southern pine beam may span 5’-1” as a single, or 7’-7” when doubled, or 9’-6” when tripled. #1 Southern pine floor joist may span 16’, exceed 26’ as a ceiling joist, or run 13’-6” as a rafter.A 2×10 Southern yellow pine (SYP) grade #2 ceiling joist can span a maximum of 29 feet and 5 inches far apart from beam to beam at 16″ spacing, or 32′- 9" at 12" spacing, or 23′-11″ at 24″ spacing without support with a maximum ceiling loads are assumed to be 15psf.Every piece of 2 in. x 10 in. x 16 ft. #2 Every piece of 2 in. x 10 in. x 16 ft. #2 Prime Kiln Dried Southern Yellow Pine Lumber meets high grading standards for strength and appearance, and is easy to cut, fasten and paint, making this the best choice for many building projects. This product is third-party certified, signifying sourcing from ...Southern Yellow Pine lumber products are an excellent choice for general construction purposes due to the following properties: It's extremely dense therefore has exceptional strength properties. When pressure treated it is resistant to decay and termites. It's distinctive wood grain appearance is great for decorative finishing. It's easy to ...Tables show Maximum Spans for Southerner Pine timber and rafters are detailed below. These 46 chart are based upon design valuables for optics graded Southern Pine dimension lumber such became effective June 1, 2013. For each application, a PDF download has currently. Also see Using These Tables andFloor Joist Span. Floor joist span is the distance that a structural member such as a joist can span, from one end to the opposite end. A variety of factors play into joist span, including but not limited to: distance covered, width and thickness of the joist, type of material, and spacing between the joists.

Southern yellow pine lumber was chosen for its strength and appearance from the finest mills that meet stringent, sustainable forestry guidelines. It is easy to work with and preferred for interior construction …• The design span is assumed to be the clear opening plus 1/2 the required bearing length at each end. Floor Live Load = 30 psf ... = 1 @ 12' and 1 @ 14' Clear Opening = 12' (See Requirements for Use on page 23, and Key, Example and Notes on this page) Table 21 - No. 1 Southern Pine Lumber Clear Opening 1-ply 2-ply 3-ply 4-plyThen drop down to find the appropriate Fb Value for the span. As the table shows, no 2×8’s meet the span and spacing requirements, but a 2×10 with an E of 1,300,000 psi and Fb of 1093 psi can span 15 feet 3 inches – more than enough. A 2×12 with an E of 800,000 psi and Fb of 790 psi also works, since it can span 15 feet and 10 inches ... This PDF document provides simplified span tables for imported species of lumber, such as European spruce, pine and fir, that are graded by the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau. The tables show the allowable spans for various sizes and grades of lumber for different loading conditions and applications.Southern Pine dimension lumber 2″ and less in thickness must be dried to a maximum moisture content of 19%. This minimizes shrinkage associated with green lumber and provides long-term stability. Proven Quality. Southern Pine lumber is graded in accordance with the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) Standard Grading Rules for Southern ... Span Tables available here: GL13 Verandah Posts - Sheet Roof N3 C2. GL13 Verandah Posts - Tiled Roof N3 C2. GL17S Deck Bearers. GL17S Deck Joists. GL17S Floor Bearers. GL17S Floor Joists. GL17S Lintels - Sheet Tile N3. GL17S Lower Story Lintels - Sheet N3.injury or damage resulting from the use of such design values. The SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber provide for numerous visual and mechanical lumber grades. However, not all of those possible grade/size combinations are produced or used in the marketplace. Check sources of supply as available grades and sizes are subject to ...Considerations when using the Rafter and Joist Span Tables. The lengths and sizes of joists vary depending on the species and quality of the lumber used. For example, you can …Using Southern Pine for structural building components can result in: Less damage during handling, transportation, and at the job site. Southern Pine has long been the preferred species for pressure treatment because of its unique cellular structure that permits deep, uniform penetration of preservatives. Some 85% of all pressure-treated wood ... COMMENT: The span tables listed here are based-on when design our for visuals graded Southbound Pine dimension lumber that became effectively Jump 1, 2013. Click here for rahmen information regarding design values. Joists & Rafter. Simplified maximum span tables for dialed vision the machine grades of Southern Pine lumber in sizes 2×4 thru 2×12.Yellow pine does not accept pigments easily, which can make painting it a challenge. Paints do not absorb well and can peel from yellow pine fairly readily. To get a solid color on yellow pine, apply about three coats of latex paint to help prevent the peeling. You can also use a latex-based primer to help you paint.This sturdy, Pressure-Treated Southern Yellow Pine meets the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. Treated for protection from termites and rot, it is ideal for a variety of applications including decks, docks, ramps and other outdoor projects where lumber is exposed to the elements. Responsibly manufactured from renewable ...Wetter wood will be heavier than drier wood. Below are some typical moisture contents of lumber. Enter the moisture content in the calculator and hit “enter”. Untreated. Fresh from store ~15%. Wet ~30%. Very dry ~5%. Average equilibrium for interior wood in US ~8%. Treated, fresh from store ~35-75%. Western softwoods are typically sold as 2×4 or 2×6 stock and can span up to 24 inches. For fully exposed decks, particularly those with south-facing exposure, use the best grade available, generally called Premium in southern yellow pine and western species.Beams of more than one ply must be fastened together with either nails or bolts. The 2012 IRC code calls for a minimum of a 32″ O.C. staggered pattern with at least a 3″x.120″ nail. We have learned from our experience to use at least a 3 1/4″‘x.131″ groove shank nail in a column of four every foot apart down the laminate.Pinaceae -- Pine family. Edwin R. Lawson. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is one of the four most important commercial conifers in the southeastern United States. Depending upon locale, the species is also called shortleaf yellow, southern yellow, oldfield, shortstraw, or Arkansas soft pine. Shortleaf pine tolerates a wide range of soil and ...The maximum span for 2×10 joists at 16 in. o.c. spacing is now 14 ft. - 0 in. down from 15 ft. - 10 in. That's an almost 2 ft. reduction in the span. Stair stringers cut from 2×12 southern pine can now only span a maximum of 6 ft. down from 7 ft. That means the number of treads and risers that can be cut for a set of southern pine deck ...SPAN TABLES CITY OF POWAY COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 13325 CIVIC CENTER DRIVE, POWAY, CA 92064 (858) 668-4645 Lumber Grade Douglas Fir Larch ... (Table 2304.7(3)) Wood Structural Panel Identification Index Maximum Span (inches) Roof 3 Floor 4 16/0 Unblocked Blocked 5 16 0 16 0 20/0 Unblocked Blocked 5 20 0 20 0 24/0

Southern Yellow Pine decking is produced in a variety of profiles and grades, along with water-repellent and kiln-dried after treatment (KDAT) options. See Table 1. Please note that Southern Yellow Pine decking components are manufactured in Imperial sizes only. Conversions to metric dimensions should be considered as approximate only.

Beams of more than one ply must be fastened together with either nails or bolts. The 2012 IRC code calls for a minimum of a 32″ O.C. staggered pattern with at least a 3″x.120″ nail. We have learned from our experience to use at least a 3 1/4″'x.131″ groove shank nail in a column of four every foot apart down the laminate.

Southern yellow pine lumber was chosen for its strength and appearance from the finest mills that meet stringent, sustainable forestry guidelines. It is easy to work with and preferred for interior construction uses due to its structural properties and fiber density. ... See Technical Specifications for design values and span chart information ...A #2 grade southern pine 2×6 triple deck beam can span upto maximum distance of 8 feet, a triple 2x10 can span 13 feet, a triple 2x8 can span 11 feet and a triple 2x12 can span 15 feet. ... Southern yellow pine is strongest species of wood that can span more distance compared to other species of wood. Grade 1 lumber have higher strength than ...Every piece of 2 in. x 10 in. x 12 ft. #2 Prime Kiln Dried Southern Yellow Pine Lumber meets high grading standards for strength and appearance, and is easy to cut, fasten and paint, making this the best choice for many building projects. This product is third-party certified, signifying sourcing from renewable and environmentally managed forests.• The design span is assumed to be the clear opening plus 1/2 the required bearing length at each end. Floor Live Load = 30 psf Floor Dead Load = 10 psf Load Duration Factor = 1.00 Floor Joist Spans = 1 @ 12' and 1 @ 14' ... Table 22 – No. 2 Southern Pine Lumber Clear Opening 1-ply 2-ply 3-ply 4-ply 2 x 6 2 x 8 2 x 10 2 x 12 2 x 6 2 x 8 2 x 10 2 x 12 2 x 6 2 x …The load duration factor, C D, is 1.0 unless shown as 1.15 for snow or 1.25 for construction loads. Listed spans are for dry-service conditions unless the table is labeled as Wet-Service. Check sources of supply for available grades and sizes, and for lumber longer than 20 feet; an asterisk (*) indicates the listed span has been limited to 26 ...Products, preservatives, uses and standards are described in the SFPA publication, Pressure-Treated Southern Pine (download in Publications ). These guidelines are intended to assist in specifying the most economical and efficient use of Southern Pine lumber products. They should also help minimize misunderstandings between specifier and supplier.See the deck joist calculations below and study your local code. Deck Beam Spans— Distance a joist spans between a beam and a ledger or between beams, using No. 2 and better Southern pine or Douglas fir. Joist: 2x6— If joists are spaced 16": Span: 9 1/2'. Joist: 2x6— If joists are spaced 24": Span: 8'.REMARK: The span tables listed here are based upon design values for visually graded Southern Cone unit lumber such is effective June 1, 2013. Click here for background information regarding design values. Joists & Rafters. Easy maximum span tables for selected visual and mechanical grades of Southern White light in sizes 2×4 durch 2×12.

menards com rebate formcostco diesel locations mapheb 494together pangea allegations Southern yellow pine span chart schoology login fcps [email protected] & Mobile Support 1-888-750-5055 Domestic Sales 1-800-221-4529 International Sales 1-800-241-7419 Packages 1-800-800-2419 Representatives 1-800-323-5177 Assistance 1-404-209-5942. NOTE: The span tables schedule here are based upon engineering values for vividly graded Southern Pine dimension piece that became actual June 1, 2013. ... do not warrant to technical data, style or performance of the shamble in completed bodies. Free UK Span Table for Domestic Bottom Joists to BS 5268-7.1 (C24, 1.5 kN/m² load) - Timber Beam .... 1075 mullins station road Southern Pine. (mixed). 1. 2. 3. 15-2. 14-9. 11-5. 13-9. 12-11. 9-11. 11-2. 10-7. 8-1. 19 ... Values shown are for a clear span trussed roof, a load bearing ...Wetter wood will be heavier than drier wood. Below are some typical moisture contents of lumber. Enter the moisture content in the calculator and hit "enter". Untreated. Fresh from store ~15%. Wet ~30%. Very dry ~5%. Average equilibrium for interior wood in US ~8%. Treated, fresh from store ~35-75%. oriellys medford wihobby lobby santa bust Simplified best span tables for ausgesuchte visual and mechanical grades of Southern Pine lumber in sizes 2×4 throu 2×12. Listed are 46 tables established on common loading conditions for floor joists, ceiling beam and rafters. View Joist & Rafter Tables. Headers & Shear pensacola tv guidecolt derringer 22 short serial numbers New Customers Can Take an Extra 30% off. There are a wide variety of options. SPAN TABLES FOR JOISTS AND RAFTERS 3 AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Table 9.1 Required compression perpendicular to grain design values (F c⊥) in pounds per square inch for simple span joists and rafters with uniform load. Bearing Length, in. Span, ft 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 2 30 22181513 4 59 44363025 6 89 67534438 8 119 89 71 59 51 10 148 ...2 x 8 x 12' #2 Prime Tongue and Groove Southern Yellow Pine Center Match. (Actual Size 1-1/2" x 7-1/4" x 12') Model Number: 1028881 Menards ® SKU: 1028881. Final Price: $29.72. You Save $3.67 with Mail-In Rebate. ADD TO CART.Floor Truss Span Tables Alpine Engineered Products 17 These allowable spans are based on NDS 91. Maximum deflection is limited by L/360 or L/480 under live load. Basic Lumber Design Values are F =2000 psi F =1100 psi Spacing of trusses are center to center (in inches). Top Chord Dead Load = 10 psf. Bottom Chord Dead Load = 5 psf. Center Line ...